The link Between People and Business Strategy

Question: remark underneath post and give some criticism with respect to the post. 1) Technology has at long last arrived at the stage whereby it's not, at this point conceivable to support an upper hand through item includes or by pricing.So you center around the fringe highlights - aftersales administration etc.This is known ascreating a serious edge through individuals orcreating esteem out of peopleCan you consider instances of different businesses where this point can be shown? 2) Firms have throughout the years been confronted with individuals resourcing provokes inferable from the elements inalienable in the business condition. Notwithstanding the troubles of making the requirement for worker reliability and holding the necessary best hands, clients additionally will in general impact human asset the board choices constantly on the grounds that practically most organizations focus on consumer loyalty (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010; Ullah and Yasmin, 2013). Accomplishing satisfactory consumer loyalty is seen contrastingly across associations be it in the creation or administration industry. The client voice have gotten progressively so amazing as of late to such an extent that they decide the help of a business in their requests for the arrangement of value items and administrations (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010; Ullah and Yasmin, 2013). Since associations mean to increase upper hand by being more client centered, it leaves a comparing sway on the HR (directors and representatives) used to drive and accomplish such authoritative objectives. It will in general require an elevated level of adaptability, proactivity, responsiveness and passionate work the board for all representatives (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010), fell so that it is to the greatest advantage of top administration to deal with line directors, who thus guarantee laborers are adjusted to these destinations. The requests of astounding client care ought to be satisfactorily overseen with the end goal that laborers don't feel overpowered, constrained and distanced or left sincerely depleted particularly when certain standards are created and forced on them (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010). For instance, laborers may have official 40 work hours seven days with the choice of telecommuting; yet some line supervisors in the offer to accomplish set targets infer tha t additional hours be placed in and inside the work environment in order to be nearer to the customers/clients. While a few specialists may appreciate the additional time installments or see this as a wellspring of employment fulfillment, others may feel troubled by such standards. In that capacity, chiefs might be constrained to utilize laborers ready to 'work under tension and with little management'; an expression interchangeable with the Nigerian workplace where I am based. Despite the fact that not yet normal, human asset chiefs may likewise utilize the organizations consumer loyalty list and evaluations during enlistment and choice of faculty (Luo and Homburg, 2007). Once more, giving superb client assistance has continuously made a requirement for extraordinary after-deals attractions particularly for organizations that produce comparable items and administrations, making them embrace elite work frameworks that incorporate far reaching enlistment techniques, trainings, pay, and evaluations intended to upgrade worker cooperation and advancement (Chuang and Liao, 2010; Ullah and Yasmin, 2013). It is additionally significant for chiefs to receive HR rehearses that structure the privilege authoritative atmosphere which will affect workers aggregate practices to achieve excellent execution principles that includes consumer loyalty (Chuang and Liao, 2010). These focuses to the solid connection between inward clients (representatives) and outer clients fulfillment (Ullah and Yasmin, 2013) which from my experience emphatically proposes that both must be enough repaid utilizing appropriate HR systems so as to increase ideal authoritative execution; a urg ent assignment for HR directors and other line chiefs, given the consistent changes experienced in the business environment.comment on above post and give some criticism in regards to the post. 3) The serious condition is a significant driver to change in the realm of work (Pilbeam, S and Corbridge, M., 2010, p. 7). However, a few associations can endure conveying standard administrations and items inside conventional various leveled authoritative structure, in any case, for most associations changing condition propels to make upper hand, which results changing the idea of work. Increment in client direction and in like manner item separation and administration support, requests changing the type of association (Pilbeam, S and Corbridge, M., 2010, p.7)The accomplishment of authoritative changes will rely upon viability of individuals the board in new hierarchical condition (Cardy, R.L., Gove, S., DeMatteo, J, 2000, p.159) So as to be powerful in authoritative changes HRM need to adjust practices to changes inside association. Client impact has HRM suggestions both on administrators and workers. It might impact enlistment, repetition or employment rebuilding activities.For model client inclinations, buying exercises and client buying limit may impact administrative choice on expanding or decreasing staff. For instance expanding of client populace may prompt administrative choice of expanding working stuff in the association. In inverse case the board and managers delayering can be decided.Employee suggestions may identify with changing the structure of occupation just as enlistment and excess exercises. For instance client increment may reflect working long stretches of representatives. Expanded shopper populace might be an explanation behind expanding of representative work hours. It additionally may prompt increment of faculty in the association. In its turn, client diminishing might be a purpose beh ind expanding low maintenance representatives and redundancy.No question clients have enormous effect on association. Their interest of good quality items and remarkable help give them a capacity to influence structure of association, the board choice and worker. Client requests responsiveness and adaptability from worker so as to fulfill its needs, where directors should know about results of the enthusiastic work representative gives. (Pilbeam, S and Corbridge, M., 2010, p.8)In general, associations increment upper hand by turning out to be client engaged, expanding responsiveness, concentrating on quality and nonstop improvement, presentation of new innovation and working losing cost deftly. (Armstrong, M, 2006, p. 21). Answer: Feedback1. All associations paying little mind to how little or huge have three principle basic assets which ought to be applied effectively for the relationship to be flourishing (Williams, 2002). These significant assets are the innovation which is applied to create the item or administration conveyance; the ventures the organization applies to offer money related help for whatever it needs and the worker whose gifts and aptitudes are utilized to play out the undertaking which is required. In this post the creator has referenced with scarcely any models however with less outline on the center issue (Baron and Armstrong, 2007). All in all in a couple of sentences the creator clarified what is implied by framing a forceful edge however open or shaping the incentive past individuals. Feedback2. This post has methodicallly organized clarification on the laborers resourcing challenges because of the elements natural inside the business condition (Egeland, Harmer and Stoddard, 2011). To represent this point the creator has additionally centered around the client voice that has gotten progressively incredible in current occasions such that they decide the food of a business for the arrangement of value administrations and items (Aligholi, 2014). The essayist has additionally referenced the purpose for the expect to acquire advantage by being more client focused, work under tension alongside little organization and eventually centered around the solid connection among outside and inward consumer loyalty. Feedback3. The author has usefully referenced the changing examples in the realm of work. Work is a basic piece of the human lives. It offers a feeling of character and reason alongside a salary to get together the material needs (Driver, 2009). Work is the main way, contingent upon which individuals can identify with each other. The author has referenced that for the most part associations are constrained to produce upper hand inside the adjusting condition that outcomes modifying the work nature. The creator has additionally centered around the hierarchical achievement, human asset the executives and the impact of the client on human asset the executives. The essayist has delineated the equivalent with a basic model for better comprehension of the perusers. He has at last reasoned that clients have solid effect on associations (Mondy, Noe and Gowan, 2005). To meet the prerequisites of the clients, as far as great quality item and administrations supervisors ought to know about the results of the enthusiastic work specialist gives. At last, the creator has pleasantly connected various boundaries with regards to expanding upper hand, client centered administrations, expanding mindfulness, persistent quality improvement and consequently presentation of inventive innovation. References Aligholi, M. (2014). Examination of Link between Customer Satisfaction and Customers Price Sensitivity.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Noble, A. what's more, Armstrong, M. (2007).Human capital administration. London: Kogan Page Ltd. Driver, M. (2009). From Loss to Lack: Stories of Organizational Change as Encounters with Failed Fantasies of Self, Work and Organization.Organization, 16(3), pp.353-369. Egeland, J., Harmer, A. what's more, Stoddard, A. (2011).To remain and convey. [New York, N.Y.?]: Policy Development and Studies Branch (PDSB), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Mondy, R., Noe, R. what's more, Gowan, M. (2005).Human asset the board. U

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers fc

The death penalty      What does the death penalty accomplish for our general public? Does it truly improve our general public, or is it only a path for our legislature to manage the abnormalities that go with any evil flawless society? Introduced here are realities about capital punishment that will let you choose whether or not the death penalty is required. There is a chance of blunder when capital punishment is utilized upon an indicted criminal. Commonly, an individual who is blamed for a wrongdoing, and put to death as a result of this wrongdoing has been later end up being guiltless because of extra proof. However, since the individual blamed for the wrongdoing has had his life taken from them, there is no possibility to disclose to them that the administration committed an error and to release that individual and experience an incredible remainder. The legislature must proceed on realizing that they have executed a blameless individual and the individual they wished to slaughter, was without still. There is no safeguard answer for keep honest individuals from being executed. Our legal framework is comprised of people, and we individuals are inclined to botches. A portion of these errors are irreversible. There is additionally a racial inclination when capital punishment is done. â€Å"Since the resumption of executions in the mid 1980's, 40 percent of those executed have been black.† And as a rule blacks were more frequently executed than were whites without having their conviction checked on by any higher court. The expense of carr... The death penalty Essay - articles look into papers fc The death penalty      What does the death penalty accomplish for our general public? Does it truly improve our general public, or is it only a route for our legislature to manage the abnormalities that go with any evil immaculate society? Introduced here are realities about capital punishment that will let you choose whether or not the death penalty is required. There is a chance of blunder when capital punishment is utilized upon an indicted criminal. Commonly, an individual who is blamed for a wrongdoing, and put to death due to this wrongdoing has been later end up being guiltless because of extra proof. In any case, since the individual blamed for the wrongdoing has had his life taken from them, there is zero chance to disclose to them that the administration committed an error and to release that individual and experience an incredible remainder. The administration must proceed on realizing that they have slaughtered an honest individual and the individual they wished to execute, was without still. There is no safeguard answer for keep guiltless individuals from being executed. Our legal framework is comprised of individuals, and we people are inclined to botches. A portion of these missteps are irreversible. There is likewise a racial predisposition when capital punishment is done. â€Å"Since the resumption of executions in the mid 1980's, 40 percent of those executed have been black.† And as a general rule blacks were more frequently executed than were whites without having their conviction evaluated by any higher court. The expense of carr...

The Best Tools For Stress Free Cyber Security

The Best Tools For Stress Free Cyber Security Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!The Best Tools For Stress Free Cyber SecurityUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : HBB Editorial StaffTopic : SecurityShort URL : http://bit.ly/2ozf7p0 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogCyber security has become an increasingly vital part of any Business IT strategy, with hackers becoming more and more sophisticated and organisations suffering from security breaches and data losses. Such attacks can be hugely expensive, create poor PR when customers personal details are involved, and can even have legal implications if businesses are not compliant with security regulations.With that in mind, we thought we would run down what we consider to be the best tools in the market for cyber security, tools which take away the stress and worry of possible attacks and breaches. Here are our current top five:1. NCC Group Security TestingThe NCC Group provide a range of security testing whi ch will identify risks within your network, systems and websites, and will also help you contain any attacks you may suffer. The integrated solution makes it ideal for businesses and their clients include Comic Relief.2. AVG AntiVirus Business EditionAlthough better known for its free cyber security solutions, AVG has released its own business tool. The AVG Antivirus Business Edition includes a firewall and identity theft protection, as well as the main antivirus functionality. Although a simple, user-friendly tool, it is best suited for smaller businesses rather than larger organisations.3. Bitdefender Cloud SecurityIf youre looking to avoid malware, Bitdefender Cloud Security is a highly rated antivirus solution as well as a firewall and content filter, which protects against sensitive information being leaked. Best of all, it can be easily managed from a cloud-based console, which allows you to create lists of banned websites and then apply them to some or all of the machines on which the programme has been installed.READHow A Hacker Can Actually Reach Your Place4. F-Secure Client ProtectionWhilst not as straightforward as the other tools on this list, the F-Secure Client Protection gives you lots of features including an antivirus programme, firewall and browsing protection. Although it may be a little clunky to set up, the chances are you wont have to touch it again once its set up and tests have shown its highly effective.5. Check PointCheck Point is a company which provides hardware and software cyber security solutions for business, be it protection from DDoS attacks or checking all of your networks files for anything damaging. Definitely a solution for larger businesses as it is a more expensive service.So theres our run down of the best cyber security tools which will help your protect your business from malicious threats. Cyber security needs to be part of your business IT strategy right now to make sure youre not at risk from hackers, viruses and m alware which could be hugely costly to your business.RELATED: 10 Best Free Antivirus Software For Your System

Analysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell - 1205 Words

Rebellion within a society is often considered to be an action in which common ideologies imposed. The individual imposing these ideologies does not believe in keeping their opinions quiet, rather this individual lets their opinions be known to the society. This phenomenon is evident in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 in which the protagonist, Winston possesses critical features of a rebel. The rebellious personality of Winston is first introduced to the reader through his thoughtcrime’s. This trait is also distinctly seen through the doubts he has towards the governing party. Finally, the characteristic of rebellion is also successfully shown through Winston’s desire for happiness. It is evident that through the novel 1984, Winston is a rebellious character. Winston commits thoughtcrime’s through the progression of the novel by expressing his honest opinions towards Big Brother and his emotions. Firstly, Winston buys a diary in which he does the forbidden, e xpresses his personal opinions about the dystopian society of 1984. This rebellious act can be evaluated through one of his diary entries â€Å"For a moment he was seized by a kind of hysteria. He began writing in a hurried untidy scrawl: theyll shoot me i dont care down with big brother they always shoot you [...] (Orwell 21).† This quote displays how Winston expresses his feelings much more freely towards the Party when writing in his diary than if he was expressing his feelings when talking to someone. The hasty tone ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1220 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel 1984, written by George Orwell, there is a place called Oceania where the government is Big Brother. The government, the Party, and the Thought Police are constantly oppressing the citizens of Oceania. Most of the people don t know that they are being oppressed, but the two main characters, Julia and Winston are able to realize this oppression and don t stand for it. Winston and Julia absolutely hate the Party, and are constant breaking the â€Å"rules† of the Party. Julia is self-centeredRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell965 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, Winston wants to keep the humanity that so many people have lost. He sees everyone as robots controlled by the government that can no longer think for themselves, or remember any of the past before Big Brother came into power. Within the novel it seems as if people lose their humanity, but this poses the question what is humanity? Humanity can work both with and against the government, humans can be forced to believe the ideas of the government, and the powerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1782 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel 1984, by George Orwell, the government of Oceania is able to have supreme control over its population. The citizens of Oceania live in angst of the â€Å"Big Brother.â €  This instills a great amount of fear in the citizens who believe they must fulfill the government s expectations. The government not only invaded the person privacy of the Oceanic citizens, but they took away their basic human rights. By stiripping its citizens of their rights, like freedom of speech, The Party is able toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1326 Words   |  6 PagesHow do you classify an individual’s freedom? Freedom can be defined as the power or right to act, speak and think without any restrictions and disciplines. George Orwell’s novel 1984, is about a dystopian society in which citizens don’t have any privacy and they are under constant surveillance by the Party. The setting of the novel describes the suppress of individuality and freedom in the society. However, Orwell’s definition of freedom is that people need to be given what they need and know theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1602 Words   |  7 Pagesupside-down society that is Nazi-Germany? While no other time period comes close, the novel we have been reading in class deals vigorously with dystopian society. 1984, by George Orwell, is a dystopian, fiction-based book that features a main character named Winston Smith, a girl named Julia, and many others who come together to make for a very intense storyline and an intriguing read. It takes place in Oceania, in 1984, while it was written in 1948. With a sense of science fiction, it’s set in near-futureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1844 Words   |  8 Pages1984 Book Report The novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell is a highly praised and influential work in the dystopian genre. Since its release in 1949, its themes have been admired by many, and its world an alarming insight into a seemingly foreign, but very possible situation. The story is set in London, in the fictional superstate of Oceania, and more specifically â€Å"Airstrip one†, (formerly the British Isles). The main character, Winston Smith, is a member of the Outer Party, which makes up half of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell951 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel, 1984, composed by George Orwell, presents a frightening picture, where one government has complete control of the general population. The story takes place in London, England. The government that is made in the novel is controlled by Big Brother. In 1984, the protagonist, Winston, really despises the totalitarian government, that tries to control all aspects of his life. So many freedoms that we all need to live a happy and healthy life are being stripped away from the citizens of OceaniaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell explores the meaning of humanity and the tact ics that a totalitarian government may use to strip humanity from the people in order to maintain power. The main character Winston strives to preserve his humanity throughout the novel in his ability to think freely. The government tries to control its constituent’s thoughts, through tactics of propaganda, regulation, telescreen monitors, the thought police, and five ministries. These tactics are to control the constituentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1772 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel â€Å"1984† illustrated by George Orwell emphasizes a story of love, truth, and imaginations. The story was taken place in London but during the time they were always at war with Eurasia, Eastasia, and Oceania. There were two love birds in the story, which was Winston Smith and Julia, but were separated from each other, due to disobeying policies, being betrayed by the corrupt police, and always being watched by Big Brother. Big brother is nothing, but a pie ce of paper all over the placeRead MoreCommentary Analysis of George Orwell ´s Novel: 1984897 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1984 by George Orwell, the author depicts the perfect totalitarian society, a society that has absolute control over everything pertaining to its people. The title of the novel, 1984, was meant to indicate to its readers in 1949 that the story represented a real possibility for the immediate future. If totalitarianism was not fought against, there was an actual risk that a similar civilization could come about. By demonstrating what a tyrannical society would be like, Orwell showed the control

Is Your Hair Loss Hereditary

If youre over 20 and your hair is starting to thin, the culprit is probably hidden in your family tree. Approximately 95 percent of men and 70 percent of women with thinning hair can attribute it to a hereditary condition called Androgenetic Alopecia. Hereditary hair loss affects all ethnicities and can be inherited from either the mothers or fathers side of the family. Because baldness is determined by a number of genetic factors, it may or may not skip generations.Marked by a progressive miniaturization of hair follicles, hereditary hair loss is caused by a shortening of the hairs growth cycle. As the growth phase shortens, the hair becomes thinner and shorter until, eventually, there is no growth at all.Male-pattern and female-pattern androgenetic alopecia are not only very common, they are very treatable. Both surgical and medical hair loss treatments have high rates of success. One treatment involves applying a lotion, minoxidil, to the scalp twice a day. Another hair loss treat ment for men is a daily pill containing finasteride, a drug that blocks the formation of the active male hormone in the hair follicle.br/>Because hereditary hair loss is gradual, the sooner treatment is started, the better the chances of results. Checking your family tree to see if you have a possible genetic predisposition to hair loss might help you recognize the symptoms early enough to slow the progression.Related Resources:Tracing Your Family Health HistoryDetermining Your Ancestry Through DNA

Keystone Pipelines Is An Oil Sand Pipeline System

â€Å"The world is looking at us, you’ve gotta be lowering your greenhouse gas emissions, not increasing.† said Senator Ed Markey about the keystone pipelines. Keystone pipelines is an oil sand pipeline system, started in June 2010, that runs from Western Canadian Sedimentary Base in Alberta through refineries in Illinois and Texas and also to oil farms and pipelines in Cushing, Oklahoma. TransCanada Corporation first proposed the this project on February 9, 2005. However, this existing pipeline is expected to have 1,700 new miles of pipeline added to it, Keystone XL Pipeline, two new sections of expansion. This is called the Keystone XL Pipeline Extension and it was proposed on January 22, 2008. The first new section would connect Cushing,†¦show more content†¦They need to acquire a Presidential Permit through State department in order for the construction to continue. The Obama administration postpone the decision on the permit because they are uncertain. Key stone pipelines has been a controversy because even though it’s a shovel-ready jobs that would help thousands of American find work and it will help increase our supply of American energy (BBC News, 2015), but keystone pipelines are also a catastrophic environmental disaster. Environmentalists has always wanted people to ease away from fossil fuels and to find and use renewable sources. By using the developed oil sands, there will be plenty of fossil fuels and the increasing rates of global warming would not be cured. When President Obama vetoed the pipeline proposal, people who supported argued that it would create construction jobs and increase the a supply of reliable energy, lower oil prices and bolster the economy. To build the pipeline on America’s land, it required a permit signed by the President. When the second new section was proposed, Nebraska homeowners opposed to the project and sued to block the pipeline from being built. TransCanada has filed for emine nt domain for those properties in Nebraska. Eminent domain is the right of a government to take property for public use with pay of compensation. President Obama used this reason as a delay to the final decision whether or not he would

Instrumentation and Control Engineering †Free Assignment

Question Q 1 (a) Specify an instrument, in each case listing its operating features and benefits, which is suitable for measuring the following: (i) the flow-rate of fruit juice in the range 5-25 m3/hour (ii) the flow-rate of sea water in the range 150-1000 m3/hour (iii) the flow-rate of steam in a 50 mm nominal bore pipe (iv) the flow-rate of oil in the range 8-20 m3/hour NOTE, that differential pressure devices and variable area flow-meters are not allowed, and that in each case, the instrument is to be installed in a fully automated plant, and a 4-20mA output signal is required. (b) Describe briefly, the measuring principle used in the flow-meter specified above for the measurement of the flow-rate of fruit juice in the range 5-25 m3/hour, and for this instrument only, list the questions you would ask the end user prior to ordering the instrument. (c) Specify two instruments suitable to detect the presence of flow during normal process operation, and list the benefits and disadvantages of each type (d) Specify a device describing briefly its principle of operation, that is typically installed downstream of a bursting disc as an indicator of disc rupture, (e) A flip switch can be used to detect the presence of flow. What are the benefits and disadvantages of this type of switch? Suggest a better alternative. Q 2 (a) The filtrate flow from an upstream process must be transferred to a downstream unit operation a substantial distance away. To achieve this the filtrate is passed to a 1000 L buffer tank and pumped to the downstream operation. The filtrate flow-rate is not constant and must be maintained (the flow cannot be stopped) as any back pressure would damage the upstream filter unit. On completion of the operation the tank is cleaned using a hot water flush via a spray ball with the flush water directed to drain. Based on the specification that the process plant is fully automated and hygienic, sketch a PID of the tank and any associated equipment required to achieve this duty and explain the principle steps and basis of operation. (b) On/off air driven valves are purchased, with the specification, normally closed or normally open (spring to close or spring to open), and with single or double feedback. Explain the above statement, and the principle of operation (c) An inductive proximity switch is a device used in valve feedback, describe its construction, operating principle and beneficial features Q 3 (a) In an automatic process plant four communication signals are used to interface with the main control unit. With the use of an appropriate example in each case, outline the function of each of these four signals. (b) In continuous process control a PID controller is installed which uses a combination of proportional, integral and derivative action. Why are these three modes of control used in conjunction? (c) Give an example of a process situation where PID control is used and a further example where on/off control would suffice. (d) In an automatic process plant software and hard-wired interlocks are used. With the use of an appropriate example in each case explain the difference. Q 4 (a) Thermocouples, RTDs (resistance temperature devices) and thermistors are used to measure temperatures on process plants, for each device: (i) sketch the typical response characteristics, (ii) the range of temperature measurement, (iii) the advantages and disadvantages, (iv) the principle of operation. (b) In certain instances change of state temperature sensors are used, for these: (i) discuss the advantages and disadvantages, (ii) and give two examples of their use. Q 5 (a) Discuss the factors that have to be considered on deciding whether a process plant should be designed to be fully automated, and specify the operating benefits. (b) Explain why an FDS (Functional Design Specification) is an important document. (c) In an automatic process plant four kinds of signal are used to interface with the main control unit. With an appropriate example in each case outline the function of each of these four signals. (d) If you were to purchase a rack type PLC (programmable logical controller), list the items required, and what determines their specification, and with an appropriate sketch show its typical construction. Q 6 (a) It is imperative to use a Tag number to identify an individual plant item, explain why this is. (b) You have been appointed the lead engineer on the design of a process plant that is used to manufacture a cosmetic product. Part of that plant is the supply and installation of a pressurized vessel on a concrete mezzanine floor, which allows the mixing of two ingredients which are put into the vessel one after the other in a set ratio by mass from an upstream unit operation. The ingredients are pumped and have the consistency of pastes. The mixing must be performed at a set temperature of 90C and maintained at that temperature and for this reason the mixing tank is jacketed with a sealed unit using water which is re-circulated through a plate and frame heat exchanger supplied with steam as the heating medium. After mixing for a set period of time the contents are transferred to an adjacent pressure reaction vessel for further processing. The vessel is finally cleaned using hot water on completion of the transfer of the mixed ingredients. Propose a design to achieve the requirement specified above. Consider in your design the following criteria: The medium must never be in contact with air. The water jacket is sealed and must not be subjected to a pressure increase in the temperature control process. The method used to transfer the mixed product to the second vessel if pigging or pumping is not possible, as the vessel is in close proximity to the first. The mixed product must not cool down during the transfer between vessels The plant is fully automatic. In your answer you should include a PID and briefly explain the function of the design and the reason behind any equipment used. (c) On commissioning of the unit operation designed in part (b) the end user has asked if the plant can be modified such that after the mixing period the contents can be cooled prior to transfer. Suggest a possible solution and explain the method of operation, including a simple sketch of the relevant section of the PID. Q 7 a)Identify the options available to the process engineer when measuring the flow-rate of liquid in pipelines that are to be installed as part of a new fully automated process plant. Your answer should include four types of flow-meter each with a different operating principle, and in each case you should list the operational and installation advantages and disadvantages. Differential pressure devices should not be included. b) Identify a choice of options available to the process engineer when measuring the level of a liquid in a vessel, which is installed as part of a fully automated process plant, give the advantages and disadvantages of each method (c) Identify a choice of options available to the process engineer when measuring temperature, in the case of each instrument, briefly describe their operating principle (d) If you were required to supply an instrument to a Pharmaceutical Company in the context of liquid flow measurement what questions would you ask the end user. (e) If you were required to supply a flow switch to a Pharmaceutical Company specify two options that would meet the duty, and in each case, explain the devices operating principle. (f) If you were required to supply a device to be installed downstream of a bursting disc, in order to indicate rupture of the disc, suggest a device that would meet the duty, and explain the operating principle of the device. (g) Automatic air driven valves are supplied normally open, normally closed or air/air driven with single or double feedback. Explain these terms. (h) Automatic control valves can be specified to control flow or pressure upstream of the valve, explain why. What problem can occur if there is an excessive pressure drop across a control valve? (i) If you were required to supply a flow control valve to a Pharmaceutical Company, what questions would you ask the end user to fully specify the valve? (j) Explain the principle of operation of a control valve and discuss the options available to the valve manufacturer. In your answer include the valve opening characteristics, direct and reverse acting, function of a positioner, use of a cam, and fitting of mechanical stops. Q8 (a) List the factors that have to be considered prior to specifying a pump for a given duty. (b) Centrifugal pumps can be split into various designs. Identify the options available. (c)With the use of appropriate graphs, for centrifugal pumps only explain the relationship between pressure and volumetric flow, and power consumed and volumetric flow. (d) Positive displacement pumps require in certain instances the inclusion of additional equipment. If a positive displacement pump was fitted in a fully automated plant, what equipment is essential and why, and what equipment is required in certain cases and why? (e) An instrument is to be installed in a storage vessel to act as a low level switch, in order to protect a discharge pump from dry running. Describe two devices that would meet this duty. (f) If a device cannot be fitted to the storage vessel, suggest a suitable instrument, and the point of installation, which would prevent the dry running of the discharge pump. Q 9 (a) Discuss the importance of certification in the manufacture and supply of instrumentation. Your answer should include the following certificates: IP, 3A, EHEDG, ATEX, FM, CSA, calibration, material and conformity. (b) Instruments are in certain cases certified as suitable for installation in pipe-work systems that undergo pigging. What is pigging, what is involved and how is the pipe-work design adapted for pigging? (c) The following contact materials PEEK, PFA, PTFE, and EPDM are used in hygienic process plants. In each case, listing the beneficial properties, explain why? (d) Instruments can be purchased to specifically measure the following parameters: ORP; Redox; Brix; and conductivity. Define each parameter. Q 10 (a) A Tag number is imperative in the identification of an individual plant item, explain why this identification is necessary. (b) Multi-national companies operate under global standards, using preferred suppliers, outline the benefits and disadvantages of this policy (c) Accreditation is important, what certificates are typically required to ensure a process plant is accredited. (d) Instruments can be supplied as intrinsically safe. What certificate would be supplied with an intrinsically safe instrument, and what methods could the manufacturer use to design a device to be intrinsically safe. Q11 (a)Many companies insist on named manufactures, this is not only for instruments but also for the supply of all equipment, to maintain global standards. What are the reasons behind this policy, outline the possible advantages and disadvantages in your answer, considering not only the company itself, but also any other organisation who are designing or supplying process plant to the company. (b) Describe the operating mechanism of a Bourdon Tube pressure gauge. How is this instrument adapted for use in a modern automated hygienic plant? Suggest an alternative device, outlining its measuring principle and it benefits. (c)You are the lead engineer in the design of a process plant that produces a cosmetic product, a suitable method to ensure that at the end of a production run the surface hold up in the transfer pipe-work is minimised is pigging. What is pigging and how is the design adapted to account for this. d) Differential pressure transmitters can be used to determine the level in a pressurized vessel, or the pressure drop across a filter installed downstream of a pump. Discuss any problems if this type of instrument is used. e)With the use of appropriate graphs, for centrifugal pumps only explain the relationship between pressure and volumetric flow, for pumps operating in series and for pumps operating in parallel. (Your answer should include the plant system curve, the individual pump curves and the combined pump curve) f) If centrifugal pumps are installed in series, for the downstream pump what additional information must be supplied to the pump manufacturer. Q12 (a)Compare and contrast, with the aid of drawings, where appropriate, the design characteristics of orifice plates and venturi tubes. (b) It is desired to measure the flow-rate of a process fluid (density 1000 kg/m3) in a 100 mm internal diameter pipe. The normal operating mass flow-rate is approximately 200,000 kg/hr and the maximum anticipated flow-rate is 250,000 kg/hr. It is proposed to use an orifice plate to measure the flow-rate, but for process reasons the pressure drop across the meter must not exceed 0.15 bar. (c) Calculate the diameter of the orifice bore to achieve this. (d) What is a reasonable figure for the minimum flow-rate that can be measured with this orifice plate installed? (e) Based on your knowledge of the operating characteristics of orifice plates and venturi tubes in the measurement of flow-rate, suggest an alternative use (apart from the measurement of flow-rate) for each item. (f) Describe the measuring principle used in the operation of electromagnetic flow- meters and vortex-shedding flow- meters. What applications are these types of instruments suitable for, and why? g)The measurement of flow-rate in an open channel can be determined using a rectangular notch (weir), and applying the Francis formula: h) If Q represents the volumetric flow-rate (m3/s), what do the letters B, n and D represent? i) Water flows in an open channel, across a rectangular weir, which occupies the full width of the channel. The width of the weir is 0.5 m and the height of water flowing over the weir is 100 mm. Calculate the volumetric flow-rate m3/s. j) What would be the height of the water flowing over the weir if the water flow-rate was increased to 0.04 m3/s? k) Specify an instrument, which is to be installed in a fully automated plant, which is suitable for measuring the following, noting that differential pressure devices are not allowed, and in each case list the instruments features and benefits: (i) Fruit juice at a flow-rate of 20m3/hour (ii) Carbon dioxide at a temperature of 50C, and a flow-rate of 40m3/hour (iii) Steam at 2 barg in a 25 mm ID tube. (iv) Ultra pure water at a flow-rate of 180m3/hour (v) Suspensions at a flow-rate of 36m3/hour l) Describe the measuring principle used in the instrument specified to measure the flow-rate of ultra pure water above. m) Flow switches can be used to detect the flow of liquid, describe three different devices that can be used for this purpose. In each case outline their advantages and disadvantages, their principle of operation, their typical use and point of installation. Do not include devices used downstream of bursting discs. n) You are the lead engineer on an expansion of an existing process plant, and in this capacity you are organising a HAZOP. The plant is fully automated. The members of the HAZOP team must have an understanding of how the plant operates. What two documents must be distributed to the HAZOP team prior to the day of the HAZOP exercise? Explain the importance of each document. o) If it was not possible to fit a device to the storage vessel suggest an alternative instrument, and its point of installation, which would prevent the dry running of the pump. p)Identify a choice of options available to the process engineer when measuring temperature, in the case of each instrument, briefly describe their operating principle. q) Four temperature measuring devices are commonly used, thermocouples, RTDs, thermistors and radiation pyrometers. In each case give an indication of a typical temperature response, state the general measuring range of the instruments, and list their advantages and disadvantages. r) Based on your knowledge of instruments specify two methods to prevent the drying running of a centrifugal pump, if the pump is being used to empty a vessel in an automated process plant. In each case sketch a simple PID showing the position of any instrument used and explain your reasoning. Answers: For measuring flow rate of fruit juice in the range 5-25m^3/hour magnetic meter instrument can be used. a) i) Operating features of magnetic flow meter Magnetic flow meter transmitter has several kinds of operating features. It provides unparallel process of magnetic capabilities with the help of its coupled class performance. Its operating features are summarized below; An electrochemical emf is formed during the action which results the electrolytic reaction between the process of ion conducting and the metal electrode. When the conductors situated in the magnetic field inductive coupling are formed which can be also referred to as the quadrature of the a.c voltage. The operating principles run on the faradays law of induction. Benefits Various advanced diagnostics provides information of the unparallel that can enhance the performance of the meter. Isolated local operator interface make dist easy to design and makes it safe. It is also available for designing of the remote mount. ii) For measuring flow rate of sea water in the range 150-1000 m3/hour helical gear instrument can be used. Operating features and benefits of helical gear The helical gears may be used in several kinds of applications as it can be mounted in two types of shafts such as either 900 shafts of non-intersecting or parallel. The operating characteristics are smoother than any other instrument. The concentricity of the close connection between the diameter of the outside and the diameter of the patch which are smooth and easy to operate. The strength of the tooth is better due to the wrap of the helical around it. iii) Nutating disk flow meter can be used for flow-rate of steam in a 50 mm nominal bore pipe. Operating features and benefits of Nutating disk Power source is not required for this type of measurement. The cost of the operating subsystem is low. It can be used for measuring the follow meter of the fuel. iv) For measuring the flow-rate of oil in the range 8-20 m3/hour magnetic meter instrument can be used. The operating features and the benefits of the magnetic meter instrument have been discussed previously Operating principle of magnetic flow meter The operating principle of magnetic flow meter is based on the principle of laws of Faradays electromagnetic induction. An electric current is applied to the package coil of the flow meter. The magnetic field (B) is generated in the coil due to this electromagnetic induction. When the flow of the liquid is applied to the instrument a very small voltage is induced in the coil. The induced voltage is proportional to the velocity of the flow of the liquid. Two electrodes of the coils are connected to the input of the circuit. The microprocessor then calculates the flow of the volumetric of the liquid and control of the input. The operating principle can be written by, u= K*B*v*d, where u is the induced voltage in the coil, B is the field of the magnetic strength between the two electrodes, d is the distance between the two different electrodes of the coil, v is the liquid velocity and k is the calibration factor. How can it measure the flow of a liquid? What are the capacity factor and size? How can it different from flow meter? What is the power used by the measurement instrument? c) Two types of instruments are proportional counter and the GM detector which can be suitable for detection the presence of flow during normal process operation. The advantages of GM detector This kind of detector is reliable and very useful for several kinds of indoor applications. Very easy to use and available in various kinds of shapes and sizes. The advantages of proportional counter It can be used in various kinds of applications. There is no dead time for the various activity sources. d) Burst disc indicator device can be installed in the downstream of a bursting disc as an indicator of the disc rupture. Operating principle of Burst disc indicator device Once the burst disc indicator has ruptured, it can be beneficial for shutting down of the plant. Burst is special kind of indicator circuit which is installed to the downstream of the burst disc during the breaking of the disc rupture. The input signal is frequently received by the control room of the plant. e) Advantages of the flip switch Installation process is easy. Long lasting. Versatility. Disadvantages of the flip switch Resetting is required. Loss of the temporal information. The better alternative switch is the magnetic switch as it is easy to use as well as to operate. 2 a) Operating principle of the PID tank controller Plant This part of the controller system is to be controlled. Feedback The feedback part devices are used to measure the several kinds of variables which can be used to control. Error signal Error signal is measured during the operation of the PID controller. Disturbances Disturbances can be defined as such kinds of systems which can cuase the disturbance of the normal flow of the program. For example, the electrical intereference. Controller The controller is most important part of this system which is used to set the point, for processiong of the error and provides an accurate output of the signal. b) Principle of operation of on/off air valves This kind of valve can be referred as the modulating pilot valve. The main valve a affecting the downstream valve b in different ways which are summarized below; When the valve of the pilot a is closed then no water can be passed through the downstream to the main valve that is closed by pressure of the upstream and after that the valve is introduced the chamber a. When the valve b is open then it can allow passing the drainage pressure to the chamber of the downstream. At this point the pressure of the water is controlled by the control chamber which is nearly equal to the downstream of the chamber. The throttling valve b is flowing through a fixed volume of the water to the control chamber. c) Operating principle of inductive proximity switch Detection of the inductive proximity sensors The inductive proximity sensor can detect the loss of the magnetic due to its eddy current which is generated at the time of external magnetic field. The magnetic AC field is produced on the coil of the detection which can change the impedance due to the loss of eddy current. Several kinds of pulse response sensors are used to generate the eddy current which can detect the change of the time. Proximity sensor is used to detect the change of the capacitance between the object and the sensors. Advantages of proximity switch Switching rate is high. It is capable for working in any kind of environment condition. Very accurate. 3 a) The four types of communication signals are actuator, controller, and sensors and the feedback which are used in automatic process plant. The actuator responds to the sensors with the help of various command of the responder. For example, the gas flow in the heating system is used to monitor the pump. The controller signal is sued to control the overall process of the system and can embed with the computers. Sensors are used for measuring the physical state of the level like liquidity level. Feedback is used to control the error signal. b) Proportional mode is used in PID controller for getting continuous variables output which are used to provide the error signal between the set point and the variable process. Integral mode is used in PID controller to reset the output bias automatically which is used for processing of the adjustment of the process error. Derivative mode is used in PID controller to change the output as per the rate of the change of the error in the output. c) The example of a process situation where PID control is used is the electrical resistance furnace. The PID loop control is used to control of the temperature resistance and it is used to stabilize the system. The example of the on/off control is thermostat which is used for measuring the temperature d) Differences between the Hardwired and software The hard wired interlocks provide intrinsic type protection of several kinds of equipments. The example of hard wired interlocks is Fuse. The hard wired interlocks provide inventory of the class for using of the sub detector. In software the protection is normal level. The example of the software is switched on /off of a system. It provides the several kinds of requirements as per the requirements of the actions. 4 a) Response characteristics of thermistor Response characteristics of thermocouple Response characteristics of RTD Range of temperature for measurement of the thermocouple -2670 C to 23160 C Range of temperature for measurement of the thermistors -100C to 500C Range of temperature for measurement of the RTD -240C to 649C The advantage of the thermistors Accuracy is high. High sensitivity. The advantage of the thermocouple Linearity is better. Temperature range is high. The advantage of the RTD Accuracy is better. Linearity is high. The disadvantage of the thermistors Temperature range is low. Not highly linear. The disadvantage of the thermocouple The operating cost is high. Accuracy is not so good. The disadvantage of the RTD The range of the temperature for operating system is medium. Sensitivity is not so good. Operating principle of thermocouple Two different types of wire are joined at the end of the junction point which can be called as the thermo elements. Two types of thermo elements are denoted as the positive and negative element. One end of the junction is immersed in the air which is to be measured and other end is called the tail. Operating principle of Thermistors The resistance of the Thermistor can be determined by, R = Roek and K = (1/T 1/To) where R is the resistance of the thermistor at different temperatures of T and e can be denoted as the Naperian logarithms and is the constant range. Operating principle of RTD RTD operating system can be determined by, Rt= R0[1+(t-t0)] where Rt is the temperature of the resistance, R0 is the temperature of the resistance at t0 and is the temperature coefficient. b) Advantages Cost Disadvantages Self heating Non linearity Examples of the temperature sensor The example of temperature sensors are Thermocouple, full thermometer system, bimetallic thermometer and RTD.4 5 a) The factors are the actuator, controller, feedback and the sensors b) Importance of FDS Development can know the exact develop. Quality can be assured in accordance with the testing process. Tracking numbers are requirements. The client can be assured about the testing. c) The four types of communication signals are actuator, controller, and sensors and the feedback which are used in automatic process plant. The actuator responds to the sensors with the help of various command of the responder. For example, the gas flow in the heating system is used to monitor the pump. The controller signal is sued to control the overall process of the system and can embed with the computers. Sensors are used for measuring the physical state of the level like liquidity level. Feedback is used to control the error signal. d) Specifications for PLC Input port and output port. Maximum number of channel. Computer interface. Power supply. Operating temperature. 6 a) Tag number is important for labelling the plant item because it provides a record of the all items in the database of the plant; it keeps a record of the item with the help of the number ID system. b) The above figure showcases the process of the plant of cosmetic products which maintains the above all criteria given in the assignment 7 a) The four types of flow meters are turbine, nutating disk, rotary vane and coriolis which can be installed for measuring of the flow rate of liquid in pipelines that are to be installed as a part of fully automated plant. Operating principle of turbine A pick up sensor is installed above the rotor of the flow meter. Hall Effect sensor can be used for this kind of flow meter. The differences between the Hall Effect and inductance pick up sensor are that the inductance type sensors provide a voltage pass in each time of the rotor. Pre amplifier may be dependent on the receiving signal at the input section. The turbine flow meter consists of the stainless steel body and a rotor at the end of the supports. Advantages Volumetric flow plot is continuous as the turbine is constantly roataing at a constant speed. Response rate is fast. Disadvantages Installation cost is high. Loss of accuracy due to accumulation of the viscosity. Operating principle of nutating disk flow meter A multi pole solenoid is used to rotate with the help of a driver and a switch. The streaming of the liquid causes a rotation on its own axis. The number of the pulse determined the volumetric flow rate. Advantages Accuracy is high. Little maintenance is required. Cost effective. Disadvantages Corrosion by water. Operating principle of rotary vane The rotary vane is made of a kind of circular rotor which is mounted to the sliding vane. The sliding vanes are isolated and based on the liquid of fixed volume between the compartment of the wall and the rotor. In normal state the centre of the rotor is in offset condition. More vanes in the rotor make the higher accuracy of the flow meter. Advantages Pressure drop is low. Choice of the construction of materials is wide. Accuracy is high. Disadvantages Design process is very complex. Maintenance cost is high. Operating principle of coriolis mass flow meter The cotriolis meter consists of a vibrating tube which is used to change of the frequency of the flow of the liquid. The signal of the sensor is installed to the pc board. The output signal is fully proportional to the rate of the mass flow. Advantages Mass flow rate. Disadvantages High pressure loss. Highly sensitive. b) Capacitance level measurement and continuous level sensor can be used for measuring the level of a liquid in a vessel. Advantages of capacitance level measurement No moving part is required. Disadvantages of capacitance level measurement Below 20lb/ft^3 particle size can cause problem due to process of dielectric constant. Advantages of continuous level sensor Accuracy is high. High sensitivity. Disadvantages of continuous level sensor Not very reliable. Installation process is costly c) Temperature measuring instruments are thermocouples and resistance temperature detector. Operating principle of thermocouple Two different kinds of wire are installed at the end of the point of the junction which can be termed as the thermo elements. There are two types of thermo elements are used for measuring the temperature of an object such as the positive and negative element. The measuring end is immersed in the air and other end is called the tail. Operating principle of RTD RTD operating system can be determined by, Rt= R0[1+(t-t0)] where Rt is the temperature of the resistance, R0 is the temperature of the resistance at t0 and is the temperature coefficient d) The questions will be asked to the end users are; What is the rating of the switches? What is the required voltage? Applications of that kind of switch? e) Two types of switches are pressure switch and the electronic regulators which can be used in Pharmaceutical Company. Operating principles of two types of switches Electronic regulators are the smaller in size the output of the signal fed to the LED display. Pressure switch consist of various kinds of options such as fluid switch, IP65 protection and various high purity options. f) Operating principle of Burst disc indicator device. Once the burst disc indicator has ruptured, it can be beneficial for shutting down of the plant. Burst is special kind of indicator circuit which is installed to the downstream of the burst disc during the breaking of the disc rupture. The input signal is frequently received by the control room of the plant. g) The normally open valves are used to pass the air through it when it is not actuated with the feedback. The normally closed valves are used to pass the air through it when it is actuated with the feedback. h) The automatic control valve can be specified to control flow or pressure upstream of the valve because it allows the different types of fluids in one way direction. If there is an excessive pressure drop across the valve then the diaphragm automatically back to the original position. i) The questions are: Does it maintain the constant flow? How adjustable flow setting can be used? How it can maintain the pressure drop j) Principle of operations of a control valve. Pressure relief valve is such kind of control device which is used for emergency in any overpressure events. A spring is used in pressure relief valve to set the piston in the seat. 8 a) The specifications factors of a pump are summarized below; Flow rate of the pump. Pressure head of the pump. Elevation head of the static pump. Friction head of the pump. b) The centrifugal pumps can be categorized into several kinds such as radial flow pumps, axial flow pump, mixed flow pump and multistage centrifugal pumps c) Relationship between the pressure and volumetric flow The above graph depicts the relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the total head. The pump head is the differences between the back pressure of the syrttem and the pressure of the inlet of the cenrtifugal pump. The vertical axis showcases the total head pressure of the centrifugal pump and the horizontal axis shocases the rate of the violmuteric flow in the centrifugal pump. Relationship between the pressure and volumetric flow The above diagram depicts the relationship between the pressure and volumetric flow. The vertical axis showcases the ratio of the power consumption and the pressure and the horizontal axis showcases the temperature of the experiments. d) Reciprocating type equipments are needed such as piston is essential which can be fully fitted in the automated plant because it can expand the cavity in the end of the suction and also it can minimize the cavity in the side of discharge. The positive displacement can be categorized into two classes such as the rotary and the reciprocating. e) The two devices are centrifugal pump and the vertical turbine pump. f) The suitable instrument is electric macerator pump which cannot be fitted to the storage vessel and which can prevent the dry running of the discharge pump. 9 a) Importance of certification in the manufacture and supply of instrumentation The certification should be authenticated so that various specifications of the instruments can be known. Several kinds of essential information of the instruments can be understood from the certifications. The certification is needed for authentication of the data provided by the manufacturer. b) Pigging is the background of the pipeline which can be referred to as such kind of device that is used to perform the maintenance operation of the pipeline. This process can be done by preventing the product flow of the pipeline c) Beneficial properties of PEEK Spinal fusion, which is used to implants of the metal. Fusion surgery which is used to spine surgery. Beneficial properties of PFA It can reduce the bleeding. It can reduce the heat of the hydration. Beneficial properties of PTFE Friction constant is very low. Maintenance is free. Form factor is low. Beneficial properties of EPDM Suitable for all types of operation. Environment friendly. d) ORP can be termed as the oxidation reduction potential which is used to minimize the substance of the chemical materials. The combination of oxidation and the reduction process is termed as the REDOX process. BRIX can be defined as then scale which is used to determine the amount of lights which is passing through the liquid. Conductivity can be defined as the degree by which a material can conduct through the electrically. In other word it can be defined as the ratio between the current density to the electrical field. 10 a) Need for the identification of the tag Tag number is important for labelling the plant item because it provides a record of the all items in the database of the plant; it keeps a record of the item with the help of the number ID system b) Advantages of the multinational companies Financial benefits. Upgraded with latest technologies. Disadvantages of the multinational companies Loss of the expertise. Dependency on the suppliers c) NPCA and NRMCA accreditation certification are needed for processing of a plant. d) ATEX certification is needed for intrinsically safe instrument. The methods for designing a device to be intrinsically safe are summarized below; Explosion proof. Pressurized and purge method. Encapsulation method. 11 a) The reason behind to maintain global standards is the brand value because the company is renowned which can maintain the brand value of the product. Advantages It can help to enhance the brand value. Suppliers get the right amount of money at the right time. Disadvantages Delay in the supply of the instruments due to long network b) Working principle of Bourdon Tube pressure gauge The Bourdon Tube pressure gauge is such kind of instrument which is used to measure of the fluid pressure. When the pressure is applied to the tube the stress is generated in the tube. The linear motion in the tube is converted to the circular motion which is parallel to the axis of the link. This device consist a high ranges of pressure measurements like 100,000 psi and it is a one kind of pressure transducer. The alternative device is thermometer. Advantages of thermometer It is used to measure the temperature of the human body. It is user friendly c) True size of opening method can be used which can minimize the pigging. Pigging is the background of the pipeline which can be referred to as such kind of device that is used to perform the maintenance operation of the pipeline. This process can be done by preventing the product flow of the pipeline. d) Limitations of differential pressure measurements transmitter Error can be found during the operation. It can work with the clean liquids only e) Relationship between the pressure and volumetric flow The above graph showcases the relationship between the pressure and volumetric flow for the pumps which are operating in series and in parallel. f) If the centrifugal pumps are installed in series then additional information which must be supplied to the pump manufacturer are described below; The differences between the pump performances of the individual pump. For different kinds of flows the operating features are different. 12 Comparison between orifice plates and venture tube Venture tube takes may times to install and very expensive but venture tube is cheap. The head lost of the orifice meter is greater than venture meter b) The pressure drop equation is given by, P v2^2 Pv1 ^2 , the internal diameter of the pipe is 100 mm, so, the pressure drop is 0.115 bar c) Orifice bore diameter can be calculated by, d= D where D is the internal diameter of the bar which is 100 mm and m is the mass flow rate which is 250000 kg/hr. so, the diameter is 50000 mm. d) Minimum flow rate is 200,000 kg/hr. e) The alternative use of orifice plate is V cone and the alternative use of venture tube is flow nozzle f) The application of electromagnetic flow meter is it can be used to determine rates of the flow of the liquid. Vortex-shedding flow- meters are used to measure flow rate of the gases, steam and the viscosity liquids g) The flow rate can be measured by q= 2/3cdb (2 g)1/2h3/2 where q is the flow rate, h= head on the weir (m) b= width of the weir (m) g= 9.81 (m/s2) - gravity cd= discharge constant for the weir - must be determined. h) b is the width of the weir. D is the diameter of the weir and n is the head on the weir. The equation is given by, q = 3.33 (b - 0.2 h) h3/2where, b is 0.5 m, h is 100 mm. so, q= 0.050 m^3/s i) The height of the water can be calculated by, 0.09= 3.33(0.5-h)h^1.5 , so, h= 0.054 m. j) Magnetic meter instrument can be used for flow rate 20m^3/hr. Nutating disk can be used. Helical gear instrument can be used. GM detector instruments can be used. Magnetic meter instrument can be used. k) Wet benches instruments are used for measuring the flow rate of ultra pure water above. l) Three types of devices are Thermal meters, Coriolis meters and KOBOLD instruments which are used to detect the flow of the liquid m) Capacitance level measurement and continuous level sensor can be used for measuring the level of a liquid in a vessel n) Temperature measuring instruments are RTD, thermocouple and thermistor. Operating principle of thermocouple Two different types of wire are joined at the end of the junction point which can be called as the thermo elements. Two types of thermo elements are denoted as the positive and negative element. One end of the junction is immersed in the air which is to be measured and other end is called the tail. Operating principle of Thermistors The resistance of the Thermistor can be determined by, R = Roek and K = (1/T 1/To) where R is the resistance of the thermistor at different temperatures of T and e can be denoted as the Naperian logarithms and is the constant range. Operating principle of RTD RTD operating system can be determined by, Rt= R0[1+(t-t0)] where Rt is the temperature of the resistance, R0 is the temperature of the resistance at t0 and is the temperature coefficient. o) The advantage of the thermistors Accuracy is high. High sensitivity. The advantage of the thermocouple Linearity is better. Temperature range is high. The advantage of the RTD Accuracy is better. Linearity is high. The disadvantage of the thermistors Temperature range is low. Not highly linear. The disadvantage of the thermocouple The operating cost is high. Accuracy is not so good. The disadvantage of the RTD The range of the temperature for operating system is medium. Sensitivity is not so good p) The suitable instrument is electric macerator pump which cannot be fitted to the storage vessel and which can prevent the dry running of the discharge pump. The sketch diagram is depicted below in the figure. References Bagajewicz, M. (2001).Process plant instrumentation. Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic Pub. Bartholomew, D. (2006).Measurement. London: SAGE. Bolton, W. (2004).Instrumentation and control systems. Oxford: Newnes. Brown, D., Harrold, D. and Hope, R. (2004).Control engineering. Amsterdam: Newnes. Butz, J. and Kottenstette, J. (1985).High energy gas fracturing pressure profile transmission. Chicago, Ill.: Gas Research Institute. Corballis, T. (2002).Measurement. Wellington [N.Z.]: Victoria University Press. D'Azzo, J. and Houpis, C. (1991).Linear control system analysis and design. New York: McGraw-Hill. Doebelin, E. (2010).Instrumentation design studies. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group. Dowdy, P. (2009).Measurement. New York: Crabtree Pub. Ellis, G. (2004).Control system design guide. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Gensler, W. (1996).Advanced agricultural instrumentation. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff. Goodwin, G., Graebe, S. and Salgado, M. (2001).Control system design. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Horowitz, L. and Vernon, J. (1996).Measurement. Dubuque, Iowa: W.C. Brown. Levine, W. (2000).Control system fundamentals. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Lewis, H. (2000).Advanced telescope and instrumentation control software. Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE. Lockhart, P. (2012).Measurement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. McCall, W. (1939).Measurement. New York: Macmillan. Olsson, G. (2005).Instrumentation, control and automation in wastewater systems. London: IWA. Padmanabhan, T. (2000).Industrial instrumentation. London: Springer. Pistoia, S. (2003).Measurement. Chanhassen, MN: Child's World. Pluckrose, H. and Fairclough, C. (1992).Measurement. Franklin Watts. Prutchi, D. and Norris, M. (2005).Design and development of medical electronic instrumentation. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. Stollon, N. (2011).On-chip instrumentation. New York: Springer. Suter, A. (1991).Measurement. Chicago: Contemporary Books. Webster, J. and Clark, J. (1998).Medical instrumentation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Whitt, M. (2004).Successful instrumentation and control systems design. Research Triangle Park, NC: ISA. Wrigley, W., Hollister, W. and Denhard, W. (1999).Gyroscopic theory, design, and instrumentation. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press.

A Farewell to False Love Essays

A Farewell to False Love Essays A Farewell to False Love Paper A Farewell to False Love Paper The writer uses all of these poetic elements to make this poem the best poem In the world. The structure of this poem Is very common for the era that It was written. It Is written In pentameter which Is five pairs of strong and weak syllables. This makes the poem easy to read and it gives it a pleasant structure. It consists of five stanzas with 6 lines each including a rhyming couplet at the end of each stanza. Throughout the poem, each line finishes with a comma, except at the end of each stanza, they finish with a period. This is true for the first four stanzas, but the last one is different, the second last line finishes with a period. The way the author has written the end of the poem suggests that it should end with the second last line, but the is another line after it. The second last line starts with False love, part of the theme of the poem, and ends with adieu, the other part of the theme. Raleigh writes this way to symbolize the idea that no matter how much he thinks that love is a terrible thing, and he doesnt want any part of it, he can never escape it; it is a part of everyones Although love is a part of everyones life and there is no escaping it, Raleigh uses a massive amount of imagery to explain who he perceives love. The entire poem is written in figurative language; the whole thing is a metaphor. Raleigh starts with the idea that he is addressing, Farewell false love, and then the rest of the poem is used to describe what love is to him, and the way he sees it. One example of a metaphor he uses is: A poisoned serpent covered with flowers, which gives the reader the Image that love looks nice and pretty on the outside but is poisoned and evil underneath. Another way that Raleigh describes how much he dislikes the Idea of love and being in love is by using different elements of sound and sense. The first thing that the reader notices in the poem Is the rhyming. The rhyme scheme Is a simple abaca. It gives the poem movement and flow; It makes It easier to read. The second thing that is easy for the reader to notice Is the consonance. Raleigh uses this to draw attention to certain lines throughout the poem. For example: A substance Like the shadow of the sun; we hear the very strong s sound drawing attention to he line, meaning this line Is Important In how Raleigh perceives love. He perceives love as a substance like the shadow of the sun, being cold, dark and gloomy. There Is also some alliteration in the poem drawing attention to certain words phrases tonguing ten poem Tort example: creep Celt Relearn enlisting ten word Celt with alliteration to show the readers that love is deceitful; it deceives the young and prosperous lovers by making it seem desirable and beautiful, but then traps them in a web of poisonous lies and hate. The idea of love being poisonous is one of the few recurring ideas in the poem. Another one is the idea of innocence. The picture of a young boy appears in some of the stanzas, An envious boy, from who all cares arise, An idle boy that sleeps in pleasures lap, they are metaphors for the idea that in childhood, there is peace and happiness, and that the innocence of childhood is not lost to the poison or deceit of love. Another more prominent image is the image of nature. Raleigh compares the idea of love to the uncontrollable and terrible elements f nature. He does this because everyone has had an experience with nature and their uncontrollable elements so it is easier to compare it to something that maybe not everyone has experienced. He gets a reaction from the reader whether they have experienced the terrors of love or not. Raleigh incorporates all of these elements to create the best poem in the world. His use of alliteration and consonance draws attention to the parts he wants noticed more than others, and uses imagery to describe further his hate and the terror of love. The best poem in the world should captivate the reader and make them think about what was going on in the mind of the writer when the poem was written. It should incorporate something that the reader can connect to, something that connects the reader and the writer, and experience, a thought or goal. Raleigh uses these ideas and more to bring to life his idea, his opinion, and connect with many readers who feel the same way. This poem could change views on love and desire simply because Raleigh stated his opinion.

The Beginning of Art essays

The Beginning of Art essays The unbroken line of art reaches all the way back to the ancient caveman scribing on a wall. That didn't start with just one prehistoric caveman; there must have been many around the world who evolved to the point of desire for bringing order out of chaos; in an effort to communicate their ideas to others. Examples of this type of primative art are found all over the world. Which is evidence there was a common thread of human need for this type of expression. It had to evolve out of a basic human psychic need that necessitated a desire toward noting ones surroundings; an effort to control their world. This is all extremely important to us because this was how Cro-Magnon Man first distinguished himself from Neanderthal Man. I should mention here that Neanderthal Man didn't have the physical capability to talk, he must have grunted. He lacked the physical vocal cord development that Cro-Magnon Man had. We are believed to be descended from Cro-Magnon Man. So what we are actually l ooking at with cave painting is the early development of thought, communication, the development of speech and the early data-base. Through this art we are given an insight into the evolution of the brain of man. Just think, if man never had the ability to speak, like the Neanderthal's who became extinct, there would be no way for the brain to develop - to form symbols - and eventually speak. Which of course leads to developing a data-base of knowledge that can be passed from one generation to another. That's why the early cave art is so important to us. In academic art history we tend to overlook the first scratches of primitive man; leaving their endeavor to be recorded and catalogued by the archeologist, anthropologist, paleontologist and so on. Indeed it is a vital part of our evolution and also our art history. In 1995 conducted dating adds an unexpected dimension to the find. In fact, three samples taken from two charcoal ...

INNOVATION IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP, CULTURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

INNOVATION IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP, CULTURE - Essay Example They attempt to suppress his invention, an incredibly strong textile fiber which repels dirt and never wears out, plus the suit made out of it is brilliantly white. Professional and personal traits: Sidney Stratton is seen as a genius, brilliant but very eccentric scientist. He is an entrepreneurial, visionary research chemist. He is a former Cambridge Scholarship recipient, who has been dismissed from jobs at several textile mills because of his demands for expensive facilities and his obsession with inventing an everlasting fabric. He is a People’s man, who dreams of a common man’s ease of buying a suit that will never wear out, repel dirt and is extremely luminous giving it a new look no matter how many times it is worn. Sidney also sees this invention as his ticket to fame and wants the world to know about it. He is heroic and does not get disappointed in the failure of his fabric but is shown working instantly to correct the error. He is a continuous innovator and a diligent researcher. He possesses traits of creative people like attraction to complexity, high levels of energy, independence, strong self-confidence. Type of engineering and technology used: The engineering material used in his textile fiber is a mixture of natural, synthetic fiber, polymer fiber and silicon fiber. His methods also emphasize on automation of the whole textile process. Since natural fibers are biodegradable over time, Sidney uses other fibers to increase its lifetime and give the fiber interesting properties such as being stain-free, dirt free and does not wear out. Polymer fibers are a subset of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals rather than arising from natural materials by a purely physical process. These are long chain molecules which undergo a chemical reaction with synthetic materials and silica. The researcher also mixes radioactive materials which gives striking properties to the fiber. Creativity: Sidney’s ability to generate new ideas in an existing fabric is displayed vividly in his innovation of the textile fabric. The final outcome of Sidney’s research is unbelievable dirt-free fiber, fabric of which gives off everlasting cleanliness because the fiber does not become dirty. It is not degradable over time which keeps it stain free and stays new every time it is worn. Due to radioactive materials used in the fiber, the fabric cannot absorb any dye and is also slightly luminous, thus, a suit made out of it is brilliantly white. Success of outcomes: Sidney’s research blooms fruitful and give him success in creation of a fabric that will make consumers life very happy. This innovation is Sidney’s ticket to fame, money and recognition in the textile world. It will also open up new ventures as the fiber might be used in other manufacturing materials. This will increase Sidney’s success in not only textile industry but other sectors as well. The common man will highly appreciate t he outcome of this research and Sidney’s real success lies in decreasing the need to purchase a new fabric each time the old one wears out. Acquisition and use of knowledge: Sidney is sabotaged by labor unions and mill owners when they find out about his invention of the fabric. The lunch mob of bosses and workers hunt Sidney down through dark, narrow streets to acquire his invention or the formula. The company through hostile take-over tries to force Guinness to sign over the invention to them

Animal in research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal in research - Essay Example Prior approval from Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is mandatory before using animals for such purposes. An estimated 100-200 million non-human animals are used and decimated annually through out the world in universities, medical colleges, research institutes, defense and public health establishments, commercial and pharmaceutical companies etc. Non-human animal testing is conducted chiefly for basic research, applied research and toxicology or safety testing. The proponents of animal testing argue that animals have a significant role in research that can benefit both animals and humans. Major development in medicine and science has been possible through such researches. Animals such as mice was used for development of the drug penicillin(awarded with Nobel prize), dogs for organ transplantation as well as Pavlov's experimentation, mice and monkey's for the vaccine poliomyelitis etc. The very edifice of morality and ethics is based on the principle that humans are unique and distinct from non-human and so they can utilize animals for their benefit. It is also a moral duty to elevate the misery of both animals and humans by researching developing medical science and science in general. Since non-human animals are less developed they are not so sensitive to pain and suffering.

The Differences in Views About Human Nature Essay Example for Free

The Differences in Views About Human Nature Essay He believes that â€Å"Individual effort was needed to cultivate oneself, but one’s natural tendencies were good to begin with. In this way, Mencius has integrated elements of Taoism into his theory. Basically, people are born well with good intentions, but they must work to maintain their good nature. Mencius says, â€Å"Every person has a heart-mind which feels for others† . He applies this to a famous example – if one witnessed a child falling into a well, it is not possible to not feel anything. Every person has the heart-mind that would be shocked and sympathetic, which may become the motivation to act and save the child. It would not be for the sake on being on good terms with the child’s parents, or be praised by the neighbors . However, if one listens to their senses of desire, â€Å"I don’t want to be involved† or â€Å"If I try to save the child, I might injure myself in the process†, then they would stop themselves from helping. It is important to point out that Mencius did not mention anything about how ones responding â€Å"act†, and that it is having the â€Å"feeling† that counts. On the other hand, Xunzi believed that human nature is bad. Nobody is born with principles accustomed in their nature. For that reason, people must be educated and cultivated in ethics to become good. Human nature is evil, and goodness is caused by intentional activity. â€Å"A person is born with feelings of envy and hate. If he gives way to them, they will lead him to violence and crime, and any sense of loyalty and good faith will be abandoned. † However, he also believed that, although human nature is bad, people still have the capacity to becoming good. For example, a great leader like Martin Luther King was born no differently from Adolf Hitler. They both inherited the same nature at birth. Applying Xunzi’s theory, the differences would be that one practiced benevolence and righteousness, as well as followed the proper rules and standards, and one (Hitler) obviously did not. This also suggests that these elements are principles that have to be known first before being put into practice. It is about the environment that one is brought up with that influences the way one acts. If you do not know a man, look at his friends; if you do not know a ruler, look at his attendants. Environment is the important thing! Environment is the important thing! As for the basis for ruling a country, I would personally choose Mencius’s assertion of human nature is good. For example, if the leader of America thought about Iraq in Xunzi’s perspective, that human nature is bad, they would be on guard and suspicious of the motives of the Iraqi people. This leads to the feeling of unease and both sides are tensed. The inability to trust will result to both countries expecting the worst, and therefore making the situation more aggravated and war will be more likely to break out. While, by thinking in Mencius’s perspective, America would only assume the good in Iraqi people, and that there can be a solution made through a mutual understanding through trust, decency and self-actualization. No more nuclear weapons will be produced and less conflicts will happen, which leads to less innocent people dying. It is better to assume that people are born good, so it is easier to feel security and trust each other. 100% Mencius for everyone is the perfect recipe to WORLD PEACE. That’s right.

Alternative Health Care Essay -- Papers

Alternative Health Care Alternative health cares, also known as holistic or homeopathic care, are countless ways of unconventional health care approaches to healing and improving illnesses. Dr. Samuel Hahnemann discovered homeopathy in the early 1800's. He was sick of the art of medicine practiced in his time; he said it was barbaric. He knew there had to be alternatives so, like any devoted science lover would do, he experimented on himself and his friends. Hahnemann found that large dosages of herbs increased symptoms so he decreased the dosage and found that the symptoms decreased and usually ceased (Smith 10). Homeopathy became popular in the nineteenth century. This may be accounted for because most patients at that time agreed that them-modern techniques were harsh and didn't work. The same thing is happening today. People are resorting to holistic remedies because the "promise of allopathic medicine has lost its luster" (Smith 10). Some criticize holistic care as being primitive. According to Joseph Wassesug, "Holistic medicine is what we practice when we don't know the real answer." For example, years ago tuberculosis was treated was treated with fresh air and Adirondack chairs, polio was treated with baths and hub tanks, and rheumatic fever was treated with good nutrition and bed rest! (Copeland 103) Another problem with holistic care is that the government has no regulation of holistic practices and who practices them. This makes it difficult to determine exactly who is really qualified and which alternative medicines are safe. We have got to use common sense when choosing a doctor. When a person has a M.D. or an R.N. after his name we opt to trust our life to him! One should check the doctors' backgr... .... (DeSpelder 172) I feel that alternative medicine, such as holistic care and homeopathy, is a great concept. It is safe effective and inexpensive; what more could one want from health care! I am concerned; however, that misused holistic medicine could be dangerous. But then I am reminded that if there were a problem, there would be no dangerous time delay to get an allopathic physician. Bibliography: Reference Copeland, Carolyn. "Alternative Medicine Can Be Dangerous and Ineffective" 1991 Rpt. Health Care in America: Opposing viewpoint p. 101-105. DeSpelder, L. & Strickland, A. (2002). The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying. Boston, MA. McGraw Hill. Smith, Robert. "The Magic of Homeopathy" Total Health vol. 15 August 1993 p.10. Wekesser, Carol. "Is Alternative Medicine Safe" Health Care in America: Opposing Viewpoint 1994 p. 95.

Jason Salfi

In which category (or categories) would you place Jason Salfi as an entrepreneur? Why? Give examples. Which of the traditional do you believe best describe Jason Salfi? Why? In the video Jason Salfi started his journey by making and selling his skateboards to his friends and local patriots. At that time Jason Salfi showed obvious signs of a classic entrepreneur. With his growing family Salfi became a lifestyle entrepreneur to gain control over his life and with the passion for skateboards this was pure satisfaction to Jason.When making his skateboard Salfi realized that skateboards were accounting for approximately 40 percent of the natural maple being harvest each year. The products that were used to produce the boards where made with several layers of maple and sprayed with a lacquer based coat, Jason knew there had to be an alternate way to build a durable skateboard. (WILES) After discovering an environmental friendly way to produce his product he sought to make an company that w ould make an imprint on the use of natural resources.With that said Jason Safi then became a social entrepreneur: he recognizes a societal problem and used his previous business principle to develop innovative solutions. Social entrepreneurs are forerunners of modernizations that benefit humanity. If he would develop an additional business following the success of his current business Comet Skateboards then at that time he could add serial entrepreneurship to his many titles.As Comet Skateboards reaches the next level of growth, where might the firm have the best chance of obtaining further financing? Why? It’s so important to differentiate an established business and an newly start up business because funding for an seasoned business is extremely easier to come by. Being that Comet Skateboards is now established and reached the next level of growth for the company debt financing would a convenient method to obtain additional financing.Debt financing is when money is borrowed and it must be paid back. This could be through private investors loans from banks, finance companies, credit card companies, and family or friends are all sources of this method of financing. The Small Business Administration recommends finding alternative methods of funding other than personal credit cards because this source of funding is so expensive. (KURTZ) Reflect on a basic needed service or product in your  immediate community (or someone else’s) and discuss how it can benefit.This can be a large or small, expensive or inexpensive product or service. In my community it’s a dire need for community base organization for our youth Its so many unnecessary crimes being committed by our youth with too much time on their hands †¦ Senseless murders and petty crimes seems to be the way our youth entertain themselves †¦ Ignorance is bliss..I firmly believe that If we had organization that allowed the youth to come together and developing social skills to th rive with in society our crime rate would drastically decline. In today’s world we are more connected than ever due to the internet but we are more disconnected with face to face connections. We need to have a business focused on our youth. We have everything else. This can start as a small inexpensive service it needs only a building and a passionate individual to start the business or should I say movement.

Palestinian problem - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3612 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? In order to have a thorough understanding of the Palestinian problem, events in the early 20th century, prior to 1948 (Israeli independence) should be closely examined and understood. Many historians mark the first act which led to the Palestinian problem as the Balfour Declaration in 1917. There, it was announced that Britain shall support in the goals of Zionists, and therein strive to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine, His Majestys Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people[1]. With Jewish spirits high all over the Jewish Diaspora, the third Aliyah (influx of Jews to Palestine) took place in 1919[2]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Palestinian problem" essay for you Create order The number of Jews gradually increased in Palestine, and by 1947, the 11% population of Jews increased to a healthy 33%[3]. The immediate cause of the Palestinian problem is often dated to November 29th 1947, on which the UN announced that the British Mandate of Palestine would be divided into separate Arab and Jewish states[4]. The decree sparked great outrage from Arab nations, but was a warmly welcomed decision from the Jews and other European and North American States. Two pinnacle wars then followed which would directly influence into the Palestinian problem. The Civil War first took place as an immediate reaction eleven days after the UNs declaration. Jewish victory then led war lead to two events: the Israeli Declaration of Independence on May the 14th 1948 and the beginning of An-Nakabah, the Palestinian Exodus. In first phase of the Palestinian Exodus, 125,000 were evicted or fled from their homes, and were prevented from returning[5]. The second war that followed was the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. In this war, Israel was to face a grand Arab coalition which denounced its independence. A decisive Israeli victory, and a disastrous Arab defeat increased the final number of the Palestinian exodus to a staggering 750 000 Palestinians. By the middle of the 20th century, State of Israel was firmly established upon the former Palestinian territories, and many Palestinian settlements were either depopulated or destroyed. Hence, the Palestinian problem was herein created; an issue of Palestinians, their state, homeland, refugees, and also Palestinian-Israeli co-existence in Palestine and the stance of Jerusalem, is all to exist until this very day. Yasser Arafat and the Creation of Fatah: Born on 24 August 1929, in Cairo, Egypt, Yasser Arafat was the son of Palestinian parent[6]. During the Arab-Israeli conflict of 1948, he went to Palestine to join the fighting. His role in the Palestinian problem begins early on in his political life when in 1958, Arafat, with a number of his Palestinian colleagues in Kuwait, corroborated and formed the militant group Fatah. The group was dedicated to liberate Palestine by Palestinians with a means of force. The idea was to eliminate Zionist Israel re-establish Palestinian homeland and resolve the Palestinian problem. Until this very day, Fatahs main goal is, complete liberation of Palestine, and eradication of Zionist economic, political, military and cultural existence.[7] A Means of Force, to Settle to Problem: The Rise of Fatah, the PLO and the 70s: In the Six Day War, Fatah did play a small role in the fighting against the Israel. The humiliating Arab defeat further broke Arab morale especially that of the Palestinians who consequently lost trust in the united Arab resolution. But Fatah was to have its first main military encounter with Israel in the Battle of Karameh on March 21st 1968. With Fatah growing in stature, organised raid were conducted against Israeli settlements. Israels retaliation was to raid the Jordanian city of Karameh, a newly made stronghold for Fatah[8]. Though the battle was a military victory for Israel, it was seen as a somewhat physiological victory for Fatah. Abdallah Frangi (a Palestinian leader at the time) labelled it the political and military turning point in the Palestinian resistance, especially for Fatah.[9] Arab support was rallied behind the group, and Arafat was able to garner a number of Palestinian recruits for his group. Fatah was inducted into the PLO in 1967, and in 1969, Yasser Ar afat became chairman of the PLO. Arafat transformed the organisation into becoming a strong independent organisation intended to make Palestinian appeals be heard by the world[10]. He therein became the ultimate leader of the Palestinian resurgence. By 1970, Yasser Arafat was deeply engaging in his arms resolution of the Palestinian problem. Raids into Israeli territories were organised regularly and Fatah was became an increased threat to Israel. In Arafats and Fatahs prime years of the 70s, both the PLO and Mossad (The Israeli Intelligence Agency) engaged in terrorist style warfare against each other. The Mossads known for several key assassinations, such as that of Ghassan Kanafani [11], (writer and spokesman for the Popular Front of the Liberation of Palestine, considered the second largest group in the PLO after Fatah) and Dr Wadie Haddad[12] (leader of the PFLP.) For the PLO, the Fatah group, Black September were one of the key groups engaging in such activities[13]. One of the most famous works of Black September was the abduction and assassination of 11 Israeli athletes in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games[14]. Though Arafat has never been proven to be part of the attacks, Israeli and American authorities often associate him to them. Analysis of Arafats Forceful Resolve: A number of western sources agree that Yasser Arafat tried to resolve the Palestinian problem through a means of terrorism. Its stated that he saw in terrorism, not of the horrific murders, but rather a means of gaining recognition for Palestine and Palestinian struggle. Barry and Judith Rubin, authors of Yasser Arafat: A Political Biography state, He had seen how it [terrorism] mobilized Palestinian and Arab support for the PLO; raised the Palestine issues international priority; prevented other Arab states from negotiating peace with Israel, and made many western leaders eager to appease him.[15] Often using the Fatah subgroup, Black September, there are claims that Arafat often approved operations and stemmed funds to them[16]. The argument also states that Arafat consistently throughout his life would deny such acts, thereby having a remarkable ability to escape responsibility for the terrorism he committed.[17] These views clearly classify Arafats armed approach in dealing wi th the Palestinian problem as acts of terrorism. They proclaim that Arafat, as a terrorist, used fear antic to drive his goal of dealing with the Palestinian struggle. The alternative view, in that Arafat was a freedom fighter is believed by many other historians and writers. Its a stance expressed by one of the closest people to Arafat, Bassam Abu Sharif (Senior Advisor to Yasser Arafat.) In his book, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, he states, In my opinion, people in the west saw Arafat through the negative propaganda which rather painted Arafat as a terrorist, rather than a freedom fighter[18]. With the Palestinian problem ignored early on by many western countries[19], it indeed was Arafat who rather globalised the issue, made it a phenomenon everyone needed to solve. This is seen to make Arafats armed role in dealing with the Palestinian problem a pivotal one. These arguments also highlight Arafat as being the sole power in the Palestinian revival following the Six Day W ar, It was in these disheartening circumstances that the Palestinian revival began. There was little doubt that Arafats was the decisive voice[20]. Also, those which Arafat commanded are perceived as freedom fighters by some, Yasser Arafat, who had emerged as a significant figure in the Palestinian struggle for liberation, recruited young people to the resistance movement. In 1970, Palestinian freedom fighters took control of the Gaza Strip Yasser Arafat hence provided Palestinian revitalisation in the Palestinian problem, hereby making his armed role an extremely important one. As quoted by Stephen Howe, Without the Arafat of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, there might well not have been a Palestinian national movement at all. Evaluation: Surely, Arafats armed solution is interpreted differently by different cultures and people. Arafats emergence was in bloody early days of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, a time when sympathy of Palestinians and their struggle was widespread in the Muslim world whereas backing and support was provided to Israel by many western states. This makes the Palestinian debate a 2 sided debate, and consequently, an evaluation of Arafat is often affected by emotion and bias by the opposing parties. Arafats armed resolution of the Palestinian problem isnt a clear cut issue of neither terrorism nor political fanaticism. Two issues must be understood to drive this point; firstly, Arafats activities as a militant rather than a terrorist. An analysis of Yasser Arafats activates prove that he rather was present and an active member in raids and attacks against the Israeli army and troops and rather not in the alleged terrorist attacks of the PLO. Also, since he never was proven to be a terrori st, it can never be claimed he was indeed a terrorist. Secondly, a distinction must be made between the activates of Arafat and those of his bodyguards and Fatah colleagues. Often, the actions of both are confused, and when an attack by Fatah insurgents is carried of, its often stated that Arafat himself was part of then. Its true that Yasser Arafats role as leader of Palestinian spurred some to extremism, but it must be understood, though his Fatah colleagues did engaged in terrorism, he didnt. Yasser Arafat armed role in dealing with the Palestine problem should not be seen as of radicalism or extremism in thought and intent. Arafats armed struggle, though did not solve the issue, did in fact bring some results. His armed struggle brought a resurgence of the people of Palestine. With the united Arab response being habitually useless (by constant Arab defeat and loss to Israel,) only a Palestinian response seemed to solution. This but rather needed the revival of the Palestinian hope, which was severely crushed by the mid 1960 (especially with the loss of Jerusalem.) Though ludicrous it may sound, Palestinian revitalisation would not have occurred through peaceful means. The reason for this was that Palestinians where irritated and demoralised by the constant disappointment in the outcomes of Arab negotiations concerning their struggle. A symbol of an armed struggle would only then revitalise these frustrated Palestinians. With the creation of Fatah, (to liberate Palestine by Palestinians) Arafats armed struggle brought this Palestinian resurgence. Arafat also united the Palestinian people, under his armed struggle, a strong step in dealing with the Palestinian problem. In essence, hadnt this revitalisation occurred, the State of Palestine would not have been created, and future talks of peace and co-existence would not have occurred. But it should be clearly understood, that Arafat did not achieve his intended aim in his armed approach. A Peaceful Resolve for the Palestinian Problem: A Change in Contention, Olso and Camp David: In 1974, the PLO executive committee including Arafat drew up The Ten Point Program[21]. By many, is considered as the first peaceful initiative taken by Arafat to resolve the Palestinian Problem. It was a decree calling for Israel to return back liberated[22] Palestinian lands. The declaration wasnt one of change in direction, though was unique in that it did show Arafat to have a way of dealing with the problem through negotiations. The Ten Point Program was to be followed by more years of violence. After years of unrest with the rise of the terrorist group Hamas and notably the coming into being of First Intifada (which Arafat associated himself to); on the 13th and 14th of December 1988, Arafat announces a change of thought. He formally recognised the State of Israel, renounced terrorism, and revealed intentions of seeking peaceful negotiations in managing the Palestinian problem[23]. A month earlier, the Palestinian National Council (led by Arafat) announces and proclaims T he Palestinian Declaration of Independence[24]. It was a new direction for Arafat in settling the Palestinian problem. In 1993 marks a historical event in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, as the first direct talks between Israeli and Palestinian leaders took place in Oslo, Norway. The talks were very secretive, with Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabik with their top ministers negotiating in terms to co-exist peacefully. Issues such as the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Palestinian territories, Palestinian elections, economic cooperation and regional development were all discussed. Both parties agreed on the status of each, the rights of each other, and their intentions to co-exist. With the help of the Clinton government, on 13th of September 1993, the Oslo Accord was signed. It was thought to be the basis of all future talks between both. In 2000, continuing talks took place between Israel and Palestine at Camp David, in order to finalise the conditions of the Oslo Accord[25] . The talks were to therein define the boundaries of Israel and Palestine. The status of Jerusalem (a key aspect of the Palestinian problem) was the hindrance point in the talks. In regards to the possession of Jerusalem, both parties were unable to agree on a compromise, hence making the Camp David talks a failure. Analysis of Arafats Peaceful Resolve: Arafats change in approach in dealing with the Palestinian approach (i.e. seeking peaceful measures) has often incurred various interpretations. One particular arguement is that Arafat changed his strategy of armed approach to a peaceful one in order to fool others and drive his own agenda of securing Palestinian homeland. It was a typical Arafat style solution. By being so ambiguous about his methods and goals, Arafat could hope to convince the west that he was ready for peace and convince his own colleagues that he was determined to continue the struggle[26]. These views hereby make Arafats change in approach a somewhat deceitful trick that rather had true initiative. A different viewpoint states that Arafat was rather pressured by Israeli and American officials to denounce an armed approach and terrorism[27]. Throughout the Oslo Accords, its stated that Arafat was the weaker party, and that he was rather accepted terms and condition which Israel modelled[28]. This argument th ereby makes Arafats peaceful resolution of the Palestinian problem not an intuitive of his, but rather a pressure he had to comply with. In regards to the Camp David Summit, a many historians believed it was doomed to fail. Kamrava argues that both parties thought they were giving up more to the other, while the other wasnt being reasonable[29] in their compromise[30].Hence, in dealing with the most controversial issue of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the issue of Jerusalem, there was never to be an agreement. Hence, Arafats peaceful resolve of the Palestinian problem was always doomed to fail. Nevertheless, there are others, such as Bassim Abu Sherif, who says that the new peace path was rather genuine and promising. He claims though the US authorities did put down demands for Yasser Arafat, Arafat rather wanted his announcement to first be supported by for the PLO and Palestinians, then flexible to US demands, It was clear that Arafat wanted to be flexible enough to meet American demands, but he also wanted to make sure that he had the approval of the majority of the PLO executive committee to preserve the democracy of the decision making process of the PLO.[31] It was clear that Arafat was aware that by this time, both he and Palestinians were exhausted from fighting. Hence, this different approach in dealing with the Palestinian struggle might be interpreted as a new path, thereby creating new opportunities in dealing with the Palestinian problem. Evaluation: Arafats change in means resolving the Palestinian problem is also an issue of debate. The question of why change in direction and whether it was genuine is truly the discussion. But a deduction of Arafats activities brings an understanding of genuinity. Hence, his role in trying to resolve the Palestinian problem is herein magnified by his actions of this new resolve. Its evident that with years of unrest and the lack of advancement in resolving the Palestinian problem, Arafat needed to find a new resolve. He needed to settle the Palestinian crisis that now nearly turned into internal feuding. So, by understanding this dire need of change, it must be clear that he, Arafat, chose to change the idea of an armed struggle. It seems that he neither needed the pressure of Israel or the U.S. but rather chose to do it because of situation of the Palestinian people. Hence, it makes the resolution a genuine on Arafats part. Therefore, we see in Arafats change in thought his striving quest of solving the Palestinian problem. Arafats role in dealing with the Palestinian problem could further be evaluated by his actions at Oslo and Camp David. First of all, he dealt with the issue of Palestinian homeland in Palestine with the Oslo Accord. In this regard, Arafat failed to clearly resolve the issue, due to the vagueness of the matter he agreed on. This leads to the next issue of Jerusalem. Arafats Oslo agreements failure is exacerbated by the fact that the continuation of Oslo, (Camp David) broke down with the issue of Jerusalem. This issue of Israeli-Palestinian co-existence was spoken of the most in both talks, but without decisively dealing with this tension point issues, Arafat was doomed to fail. Hence, though Arafat tried to drive and resolve the Palestinian problem peacefully, he achieve no more than his armed resolution. Bibliography: Books: Lukacs, Yehuda, 1992, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict a documentary record 1967-1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Barry Rubin Judith Colp Rubin, 2003, Arafat: A Political Biography, Oxford University Press, Inc, New York. Bassam Abu Sharif, 2009, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. T.G. Fraser, 2008, The Arab-Israeli conflict, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Brown, Nathan. J, 2003, Palestinian Politics after the Oslo Accord: Arab Palestine, University of Californian Press, London, England. Dan Cohn-Sherbok Dawoud El-Alami (eds), 2008, The Palestine-Israeli Conflict, Oneworld Publication, Oxford, England. Mehran Kamrava, 2005, The Modern Middle East, University of California Press, Ltd, London England. Mark Tesseler, 1994, A History Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, USA, Journals: Simha Flapan, 1987, The Palestinian Exodus of 1948, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Summer, 1987),University of California Press. 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Boyle, 2006 Palestine Independence Day, Retrieved 27th January, 2010, https://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaaid=3864 Why did the PLO suddenly decide, in 1988, that Israel had a right to exist?, Retrieved 27th January, 2010, https://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_plo_israel_exist_1988.php The Balfour Declaration, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, https://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Balfour+Declaration.htm The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, https://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm Fateh Constitution, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, https://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/?c=1598a=97061 The Israeli Camp David II Proposal for Final Settlement, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, https://www.mideastweb.org/campdavid2.htm The Balfour Decleration, https://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Balfour+Declaration.htm The Third Aliyah, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Third_Aliyah.html The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948, https://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm UN Partition Plan, 2001, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1681322.stm Simha Flapan, 1987, The Palestinian Exodus of 1948, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Summer, 1987), pp. 3-26,University of California Press. Yasser Arafat, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat/ Fateh Constitution, https://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/?c=1598a=97061 Mark Tesseler, A History Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, USA, 1994, pg. 425 Ibid, pg.426 Yasser Arafat, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat/ Muin Rabbani, 2000, Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians: Biography of Gassan Kanafani, https://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Acre/Story168.html Poisoned Mossad chocolate killed PFLP leader in 1977, says book, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060517211510/https://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060505-102327-8910r. Terrorist Organisation Profile: Black September, 2007, University of Maryland https://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=153 ibid Barry Rubin, Judith Colp Rubin, Arafat: A Political Biography, Oxford University Press, Inc, New York, 2003, pg.61 Ibid, pg.61 Ibid, pg.63 Bassam Abu Sharif, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009, pg. T.G. Fraser, The Arab-Israeli conflict, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008, pg.57 Ibid, pg.88 Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council Cairo, 8 June 1974, https://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/docone.html ibid Arafat at the UN general Assembly, 2009, https://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal5.htm Prof. Francis A. Boyle, 2006 Palestine Independence Day, https://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaaid=3864 The Israeli Camp David II Proposal for Final Settlement, https://www.mideastweb.org/campdavid2.htm Rubin, op.cit., pg.113 Why did the PLO suddenly decide, in 1988, that Israel had a right to exist?, https://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_plo_israel_exist_1988.php Mehran Kamrava, The Modern Middle East, University of California Press, Ltd, London England, 2005, pg. 243-244 Ibid, pg.248 ibid Abu Sharif, op.cit., pg.183